%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %A unknown.tex GAP documentation Thomas Breuer %% %A @(#)$Id: unknown.tex,v 3.7 1993/02/18 13:40:55 felsch Rel $ %% %Y Copyright 1990-1992, Lehrstuhl D fuer Mathematik, RWTH Aachen, Germany %% %H $Log: unknown.tex,v $ %H Revision 3.7 1993/02/18 13:40:55 felsch %H more examples fixed %H %H Revision 3.6 1993/02/12 15:50:48 felsch %H examples adjusted to line length 72 %H %H Revision 3.5 1993/02/11 17:46:09 martin %H changed '@' to '&' %H %H Revision 3.4 1993/02/07 13:23:35 felsch %H more examples fixed %H %H Revision 3.3 1993/02/01 13:58:52 felsch %H examples fixed %H %H Revision 3.2 1992/11/30 15:36:30 fceller %H changed text aligment so that the online help works %H %H Revision 3.1 1991/12/27 16:46:58 sam %H initial revision under RCS %% \Chapter{Unknowns}% \index{data type!unknown} Sometimes the result of an operation does not allow further computations with it. In many cases, then an error is signalled, and the computation is stopped. This is not appropriate for some applications in character theory. For example, if a character shall be induced up (see "Induced") but the subgroup fusion is only a parametrized map (see chapter "Maps and Parametrized Maps"), there are positions where the value of the induced character are not known, and other values which are determined by the fusion map\: | gap> m11:= CharTable( "M11" );; m12:= CharTable( "M12" );; gap> fus:= InitFusion( m11, m12 ); [ 1, [ 2, 3 ], [ 4, 5 ], [ 6, 7 ], 8, [ 9, 10 ], [ 11, 12 ], [ 11, 12 ], [ 14, 15 ], [ 14, 15 ] ] gap> Induced(m11,m12,Sublist(m11.irreducibles,[ 6 .. 9 ]),fus); &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 1 at class 4 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 1 at class 5 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 1 at class 14 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 1 at class 15 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 2 at class 4 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 2 at class 5 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 2 at class 14 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 2 at class 15 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 2 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 3 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 4 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 5 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 9 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 3 at class 10 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 2 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 3 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 6 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 7 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 11 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 12 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 14 &I Induced: subgroup order not dividing sum in character 4 at class 15 [ [ 192, 0, 0, Unknown(9), Unknown(12), 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, Unknown(15), Unknown(18) ], [ 192, 0, 0, Unknown(27), Unknown(30), 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, Unknown(33), Unknown(36) ], [ 528, Unknown(45), Unknown(48), Unknown(51), Unknown(54), 0, 0, -2, Unknown(57), Unknown(60), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], [ 540, Unknown(75), Unknown(78), 0, 0, Unknown(81), Unknown(84), 0, 0, 0, Unknown(87), Unknown(90), 0, Unknown(93), Unknown(96) ] ]| For this and other situations, in \GAP\ there is the data type *unknown*. Objects of this type, further on called *unknowns*, may stand for any cyclotomic (see "Cyclotomics"). Unknowns are parametrized by positive integers. When a \GAP\ session is started, no unknowns do exist. The only ways to create unknowns are to call "Unknown" 'Unknown' or a function that calls it, or to do arithmetical operations with unknowns (see "Operations for Unknowns"). Two properties should be noted\: Lists of cyclotomics and unknowns are no vectors, so cannot be added or multiplied like vectors; as a consequence, unknowns never occur in matrices. \GAP\ objects which are printed to files will contain fixed unknowns, i.e., function calls 'Unknown( )' instead of 'Unknown()', so be careful to read files printed in different sessions, since there may be the same unknown at different places. The rest of this chapter contains informations about the unknown constructor (see "Unknown"), the characteristic function (see "IsUnknown"), and comparison of and arithmetical operations for unknowns (see "Comparisons of Unknowns", "Operations for Unknowns"); more is not yet known about unknowns. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{Unknown} 'Unknown()'\\ 'Unknown( )' 'Unknown()' returns a new unknown value, i.e. the first one that is larger than all unknowns which exist in the actual \GAP\ session. 'Unknown( )' returns the -th unknown; if it did not exist already, it is created. | gap> Unknown(); Unknown(2000); Unknown(); Unknown(97) # There were created already 96 unknowns. Unknown(2000) Unknown(2001)| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{IsUnknown} 'IsUnknown( )' returns 'true' if is an object of type unknown, and 'false' otherwise. Will signal an error if is an unbound variable. | gap> IsUnknown( Unknown ); IsUnknown( Unknown() ); false true gap> IsUnknown( Unknown(2) ); true| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{Comparisons of Unknowns} To compare unknowns with other objects, the operators '\<', '\<=', '=', '>=', '>' and '\<>' can be used. The result will be 'true' if the first operand is smaller, smaller or equal, equal, larger or equal, larger, or inequal, respectively, and 'false' otherwise. We have 'Unknown( ) >= Unknown( )' if and only if ' >= ' holds; unknowns are larger than cyclotomics and finite field elements, unknowns are smaller than all objects which are not cyclotomics, finite field elements or unknowns. | gap> Unknown() >= Unknown(); false gap> Unknown(2) < Unknown(3); true gap> Unknown() > 3; true gap> Unknown() > Z(8); false gap> Unknown() > E(3); true gap> Unknown() > []; false| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Section{Operations for Unknowns} The operators '+', '-', '\*' and '/' are used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of unknowns and cyclotomics. The result will be a new unknown except in one of the following cases\: Multiplication with zero yields zero, and multiplication with one or addition of zero yields the old unknown. | gap> Unknown() + 1; Unknown(2) + 0; last * 3; last * 1; last * 0; Unknown(2010) Unknown(2) Unknown(2011) Unknown(2011) 0| *Note* that division by an unknown causes an error, since an unknown might stand for zero. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %E Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . local Emacs variables %% %% Local Variables: %% mode: outline %% outline-regexp: "\\\\Chapter\\|\\\\Section\\|%E" %% fill-column: 73 %% eval: (hide-body) %% End: %%